My father Hershl (Harry in English, Heshek in Polish) was a Holocaust survivor of many camps and ghettos, as was my mother. Each made their way to America separately. My father, by way of Germany; my ...

My father, Mac (also called Moniek or Moshe) Shaibe was born in Lodz in 1922. He spoke Yiddish to his mother but he studied in a Hebrew day school and spoke Polish with the Poles. My mother, who was a ...

Nadia Valman received funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council for research included in this article. Vivi Lachs received funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council for ...